In this paper, a novel Directional super wide band micro strip antenna based on a simple and new geometry has been proposed. The antenna exhibits the widest bandwidth ever reported to the authors’ knowledge from 50 GHz to 200 GHz. Its radiation pattern is approximately steady in the frequency ranges of 50 GHz to 200 GHz. The antenna consists of a club-like radiating patch, a combination of three circular patches, and a partial ground structure. Moreover, the proposed antenna has a compact volume of 24 mm´18 mm´0.787 mm on a RT Duroid substrate with a relative dielectric constant of 2.2. RT Duroid has very low loss characteristic and therefore the loss of the antenna will be very little. The simulation is performed by CST Microwave Studio simulator. antenna design and the simulation results of radiation pattern and gain are presented and discussed in detail. Results show that the performance is very excellent in full band.

Recent years have seen a growing interest in radio detection of Cosmic Rays. We investigated the incident direction of Cosmic Rays for an array of 11 radio antennas through a series of simulations using the CoREAS toolkit. We have determined that utilizing the east-west component of the electric field yields improved angular resolution for our array compared to the north-south and vertical components. Our findings reveal a significant correlation between the error in direction estimation of cosmic rays and the angle between the earth’s magnetic field and the cosmic ray’s trajectory. Specifically, for 1017 eV proton showers, we observe that the angular resolution is poorer for showers originating from the south (0.91°±0.06°) compared to those from the east (0.48±0.07), north (0.33°±0.08°), and west (0.30°±0.10°) directions. Additionally, a slight decrease (less than 0.1°) in angular resolution is noted for 1018 eV showers. This research sheds light on the impact of Earth's magnetic field on cosmic ray detection using radio antenna arrays.

A novel method of parametric active contours with geometric shape prior is presented in this paper. The main idea of the method consists in minimizing an energy function that includes additional information on a shape reference called a prototype (mean shape). Shape prior introduced through a similarity measurement between evolving contour and Procrustes mean shape of desired object. This similarity measurement is Procrustes distance between these two contours that is invariant with respect to similarity transformations (translation, scaling, and rotation). Procrustes mean shape is extracted from a set of sample shapes. We apply k-mean clustering to sample shapes for overcoming non Gaussian distribution of them e.g., multiple views of a 3D object. In this case the final energy function is invariant with respect to changing viewpoint of 3D object. This extra shape knowledge enhances the model robustness to noise, occlusion and complex background. We also use gradient direction information in addition to its magnitude for more robustness to complex background and noise. We obtain promising results for 3D object tracking and segmentation showing the robustness of our method against noise, complex background, similarity transformations, occlusion, and changing viewpoint of 3D object.

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the concept of monotonicity according to a direction related to a set of n random variables in terms of its associated n-copula. We start establishing relationships in the bivariate and trivariate cases, which will help to understand the extension to the multivariate case. Several examples are provided.